Le vaste site industriel DMC, qui s’étendait jadis sur près de 75 hectares et dont les bâtiments couvrent encore aujourd’hui 100 000 m2 au sol, a fait partie intégrante de la vie de la population de Mulhouse pendant de nombreuses générations. En 2007, la SERM (Société d’équipement de la région mulhousienne) en a racheté une dizaine d’hectares, afin de les revaloriser et de réintégrer harmonieusement cet ensemble de patrimoine industriel dans le quotidien de la ville, au croisement des quartiers Brustlein, Cité–Brillant et Dornach. Ce n’est que justice : l’usine est située dans Mulhouse même, et son activité a fourni pendant bien longtemps du travail à des familles entières. D’ailleurs, aujourd’hui, cinq hectares sont encore occupés par DMC, qui poursuit ses fabrications.
Le projet architectural
Les bâtiments ont été construits à différentes époques, du début du 19e siècle aux années 1930. Les constructions d’origine ont disparu, mais tout de même, actuellement, les parties les plus anciennes remontent à 1852. Le gros oeuvre est en calcaire, en moellon sans chaîne, en pierre de taille et en brique. Pour prendre en charge le projet global de réhabilitation, la SERM, en qualité de maître d’ouvrage, a consulté plusieurs cabinets d’architectes : – Seura, – Bernard -‘Paris & associés, et – Reichen et -Robert & associés. C’est cette dernière équipe qui a été retenue, fin 2010. Il fut convenu qu’aucun bâtiment ne serait démoli, préservant ainsi l’héritage patrimonial, et les prévisions de réemploi des volumes laissaient la porte ouverte à de nombreuses possibilités, comme le notent les services d’urbanisme : « Il s’agit, plus que d’une rénovation, de donner un nouvel usage aux bâtiments en les transformant. Les espaces modulables peuvent accueillir diverses fonctions. Les sheds, plus aérés et plus lumineux, pourraient accueillir des activités culturelles et de loisirs. S’ajouteraient une cité de l’entreprise, des espaces économiques ou de formation, des logements. Le réfectoire pourrait devenir une maison des fêtes, le bâtiment 118 une maison des associations. » Ceux‑ci précisent encore : « Si le cabinet – Reichen et -Robert a piloté l’ensemble de l’opération, d’autres architectes sont venus s’y adjoindre pour des réhabilitations spécifiques. » Déjà, en août 2010, un hôtel d’entreprises avait vu le jour, et certaines parties avaient même été réaffectées dès les années 1970. C’est donc un travail de longue haleine, qui s’étale sur plusieurs décennies. Le bâtiment qui nous concerne ici porte le numéro 33. Une fois le chantier terminé, il devrait accueillir des activités tertiaires, des bureaux, de petites PME.
Les caractéristiques techniques
Les travaux actuels concernent la toiture qui, pour le bâtiment 33, représente environ 2 000 m2. Pour cette rénovation dampleur, les prescripteurs ont opté pour lécran de sous–toiture Delta Maxx Comfort, fabriqué par Dörken. Ses trois centimètres de géotextile isolant constituent un complément d’isolation efficace qui, grâce à sa bande autocollante intégrée destinée au collage des recouvrements de lés, assure une étanchéité au vent optimale et une barrière aux ponts thermiques. Dans le détail, le matériau de la membrane de surface est constitué par l’association d’un non–tissé aiguilleté en polyester, d’une enduction spéciale en polyuréthane et d’une bande adhésive intégrée. L’application doit s’effectuer sur des toitures en pente isolées non ventilées, sur des supports continus ou discontinus (R3 : entraxe jusquà 90 cm). La masse surfacique avoisine les 1 000 g/m2 et les valeurs Sd s’entendent comme suit : 0,03 m pour la couche isolante et 0,08 m pour la membrane de surface. La résistance en traction est d’environ 450/350 N/5 cm et répond à la norme EN 12311‑1. La résistance à la déchirure au clou est de 280/350 N, conformément à la norme EN 12310. L’étanchéité est de niveau W1 (norme EN 1928). Le produit résiste à des températures extrêmes : de 40 °C à + 80 °C. Enfin, la conductivité thermique est de 0,040 W/(m‑K) selon la norme EN 12667.
DMC : une entreprise de grand renom
L’entreprise Dollfus, Mieg et Compagnie (DMC) a été fondée en 1800 par -Daniel -Dollfus. Elle imprime des toiles peintes, dont la qualité est rapidement reconnue. Puis, rapidement, la production se diversifie en filature, retorderie, tissage mécanique, blanchiment, etc. On dit que c’est d’Angleterre que les – Dollfus auraient importé la technique dite du mercerisage, inventée par le chimiste John Mercer, qui consiste à plonger du fil de coton dans de la soude caustique. Ce traitement rend le fil brillant, qui devient ainsi un concurrent du fil de soie. La première machine à merceriser jamais créée le fut par DMC. Tout au long du 19e siècle, son développement est considérable et prend des proportions internationales, avec plus de cent comptoirs à l’étranger et des centaines de machines sur le site de Mulhouse, puis de Belfort. Aujourd’hui encore, les travaux d’aiguille sont indissociables des célèbres bobines de fil DMC.
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