Accueil » Actualités » Palais de la Porte dorée : échafaudage en suspension

Palais de la Porte dorée : échafaudage en suspension

À l’’origine, ce bâtiment était le pavillon d’’entrée de la grande exposition coloniale de 1931. Sa fonction initiale était de servir de zone d’’accueil et de point de rencontre des visiteurs, avec une salle des pas perdus. Contrairement à la plupart des autres constructions dans le périmètre de l’’exposition, qui furent démontées à la fin de la manifestation, celle-ci avait été conçue pour durer et devenir un musée des colonies permanent.

Aventures architecturales

Le célèbre maréchal Lyautey, organisateur de l’’exposition coloniale, avait envisagé que le bâtiment pourrait éventuellement être transformé, dans le futur, en musée de la Marine. Finalement, il devint le musée de la France d’’outre-mer, et le resta jusqu’’à la fin des années cinquante, avec une parenthèse de fermeture pendant la seconde guerre mondiale. Puis il servit de réserve pour le mobilier national, avant de renaître sous la forme du MAAO (musée des Arts africains et océaniens) en 1961. Les intéressantes collections qui s’’y trouvaient ayant été absorbées par l’’actuel musée du quai Branly, il est aujourd’’hui devenu la Cité nationale de l’’histoire de l’’immigration, dont la mission est, entre autres, de « montrer la part prise par les immigrés dans le développement économique, les évolutions sociales et la vie culturelle de la France ». L’’aquarium en sous-sol, lui, demeure fidèle à sa vocation pédagogique originale. Le palais de la Porte dorée est un édifice imposant, d’’une superficie de 16 000 m2, inscrit dans un plan carré. De grands noms de l’’architecture et des arts décoratifs y ont participé : Prouvé pour la grille d’’entrée, Alfred Janniot pour les immenses bas-reliefs en façade, Pierre-Henri Ducos de La Haille pour les fresques intérieures, Émile-Jacques Ruhlmann et Eugène Printz pour l’’ébénisterie Notons qu’’Albert Laprade a aussi signé, dans le cadre de l’exposition coloniale, le pavillon du Maroc.

Les restaurations en cours

À l’époque où le Palais avait une fonction muséographique classique, les ouvertures donnant sur la grande salle avaient été occultées afin de créer des parois permettant d’’y installer des vitrines. Aujourd’’hui, le projet architectural piloté par le cabinet d’’architectes Construire (Patrick Bouchain et Loïc Julienne) vise à restituer l’’édifice, dont ses grands décors peints, dans l’’état initial de 1931, ainsi qu’’à réaménager des espaces dans le respect de l’œ’oeuvre de Laprade en y ajoutant des équipements modernes : réalisation d’’un sol technique modulable dans le patio central, remplacement des vitrages dans les lanterneaux, création d’’entresols, installation d’’escaliers de secours extérieurs, etc. La tranche actuelle de travaux qui a nécessité l’’installation de l’’échafaudage concerne essentiellement la restauration des fresques et des staffs, la reprise des menuiseries, et la réfection d’’éléments de couverture. La maîtrise d’œ’oeuvre est assurée par Jean-François Lagneau, ACMH.Mills relève seul le défi Bertrand Desmarais, chef de projets à l’’OPPIC (Opérateur du patrimoine et des projets immobiliers de la culture, ex-EMOC), agissant en tant que maître d’’ouvrage délégué, explique : « L’’échafaudage est le résultat d’’un appel d’’offres de type dialogue compétitif. En effet, la première solution que nous avions envisagée avec les architectes – une structure reposant sur le sol – ne s’’est pas avérée réaliste, car le poids de l’’ensemble, plusieurs dizaines de tonnes, risquait de dépasser la résistance du plancher et de mettre en péril la solidité de tout le bâtiment. Et il n’’est pas possible d’’étayer par-dessous, à cause de l’’aquarium. Il fallait aussi maintenir la capacité d’’accueil de la salle. Finalement, fin 2010, nous avons lancé ce dialogue compétitif pour que les entreprises spécialisées nous donnent une réponse. De toutes les sociétés du secteur, seule Mills a relevé le défi, toutes les autres s’’étant désistées. » Et Mills a proposé une technique efficace.

Trente-cinq tonnes retenues par quatre tiges

L’’échafaudage est entièrement suspendu. Bertrand Desmarais ajoute : « Des poutres traversantes ont été montées depuis la toiture, et des parties sont cravatées afin de soutenir partiellement la structure, mais la charge principale repose sur des suspentes centrales ». Le palais de la Porte dorée est en béton armé, avec de nombreux parements en pierre. Et la toiture, parfaitement invisible d’’en bas, comporte en son centre un véritable puits de lumière conçu, curieusement, comme une petite pyramide méso-américaine à degrés. C’’est à cet endroit, qui surplombe exactement la grande salle centrale, que l’’échafaudage s’’accroche. « L’’architecte a rapidement constaté que la surcharge prévue sur le toit pour la neige était à peu près équivalente au poids de l’’échafaudage que l’’on souhaitait installer, dit Bertrand Desmarais. Cela rendait possible la technique de suspension. » Les ingénieurs de Mills ont donc installé un échafaudage de service sur le toit pour maintenir la charge. La plate-forme pyramidale d’’une superficie de 20 m × 20 m en plan à la base, et haute de 14 m pour un poids de 35 tonnes est suspendue par la sapine centrale (2 m × 2 m) à l’’aide de quatre tiges en acier à haute résistance fabriquées par la société Artéon. Ces tiges mesurent 20 m de hauteur et s’’ancrent en sous-face de la plate-forme par une croix de Saint-André réalisée en profilés métalliques. Elles s’’accrochent sur le toit par une structure tubulaire. Quant aux autres plates-formes latérales, elles sont munies simplement de chaînes équipées de tendeurs permettant de les relier à la sapine, également en suspension. Le schéma que nous publions ici, montrant la structure en coupe, démontre la pertinence de ce choix. L’’ensemble, parfaitement stable, permet aux restaurateurs de travailler dans le confort et la sécurité, tout en ne faisant peser aucune charge sur le sol de la salle centrale. S. V.

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