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Panneaux photovoltaïques sur toit haussmannien

Parvenir à diminuer les dépenses énergétiques du bâti est indéniablement l’un des grands défis qui sont lancés aux architectes d’aujourd’hui. Or, tandis qu’il est parfaitement possible d’imaginer des solutions totalement novatrices lorsque l’on construit, l’architecture patrimoniale, elle, présente bien souvent des difficultés beaucoup plus considérables, du fait même de sa structure et de son esthétique. Comment restaurer de l’ancien en intégrant ces paramètres totalement modernes, sans dénaturer ce qui fait justement la particularité d’un édifice existant ? L’affaire n’est pas simple. Heureusement, le monde industriel a bien compris toutes les opportunités que pouvait présenter ce type de marché, et déjà nous voyons apparaître des solutions audacieuses. En voici justement un exemple significatif et réussi.
Une construction datant de Napoléon III
L’immeuble, qui appartient à une société d’assurances, est situé à Paris, dans le viiie arrondissement. C’est une construction typique du xixe siècle, caractéristique des grands bouleversements effectués dans la capitale par le baron ­Haussmann. Des travaux complets de réfection et de restauration afin d’y installer des bureaux contemporains sont en cours, sous la responsabilité de ­Pierre ­Weiler, un maître d’œuvre dont la spécificité est d’être à la fois architecte du Patrimoine, donc apte à gérer les contraintes spécifiques aux chantiers à caractère historique, et parallèlement de se passionner pour la réalisation de bâtiments bioclimatiques à très hautes performances énergétiques. Cette double compétence a pu ici s’exprimer pleinement.

Une technologie innovante
La toiture est à double pente. ­Pierre ­Weiler souligne qu’il avait pour obligation « de conserver les brisis en ardoise et le terrasson en zinc ». Il fut décidé d’y intégrer des panneaux photovoltaïques permettant d’améliorer les performances énergétiques du bâtiment. La société Couverture GF, pilotée par ­Francis ­Arsène, s’est mise à l’ouvrage. « Nous nous trouvons en présence du premier immeuble haussmannien parisien intégrant un tel système », dit celui-ci. D’abord, la sous-­face du toit a été surisolée par 200mm d’isolant sous les rampants et 300mm en combles. Puis, la nouvelle toiture a pu être installée. Il s’agit du système ­Rheinzink PV Solaire à tasseaux qui associe des cellules photovoltaïques Uni-­Solar à couche mince et des bacs ­Rheinzink en zinc-­titane prépatiné clair. Certes, de nombreux modèles de panneaux photovoltaïques existent déjà sur le marché. Mais, ici, l’intégration des cellules aux bacs est parfaite, l’ensemble s’installe sur le toit sans élément de fixation supplémentaire.

Quarante-neuf mètres carrés de superficie photovoltaïque
Sur l’ensemble de ce toit, l’équipe de ­Francis ­Arsène a posé 42 bacs selon la technique à tasseaux, dont 18 orientés au nord et 24 au sud, représentant une superficie photovoltaïque de 49m2. « La pose à tasseaux est considérée comme la plus classique encore en cours de nos jours », précise ce spécialiste. Le zinc-­titane ­Rheinzink, dont la surface se patine naturellement avec le temps, ne nécessite aucun entretien. La longévité du matériau, nous dit-on, peut atteindre un siècle.
Rappelons que le groupe familial allemand ­Rheinzink , leader mondial du zinc-­titane pour le secteur du bâtiment, ne cesse depuis quarante ans de développer la qualité de son matériau et d’en faire évoluer l’aspect et la teinte, notamment avec le prépatiné clair, comme l’on peut observer ici, ou le prépatiné ardoise. L’installation mise en œuvre sur le toit de cet immeuble offre une puissance de 2,85kWc, pour une production théorique atteignant 2600kWh hors influence des ombres. Le rendement énergétique demeure élevé même en cas de lumière plutôt diffuse et de faible ensoleillement – les conditions climatiques de l’Île-de-France n’étant pas celles de Marseille ! – grâce à la technologie dite de « triple jonction ». Le tout est relié directement au réseau EDF. La production d’électricité étant ainsi rachetée, ­Aréas Assurances, propriétaire des lieux, espère pouvoir récupérer son investissement en une décennie.

Les acteurs du chantier
Maître d’ouvrage : Aréas Assurances
Maître d’œuvre : Cabinet d’architecture Pierre Weiler
Couvreur-zingueur : Couverture GF
Système photovoltaïque : bacs à tasseaux ­Rheinzink avec cellules Uni-­Solar intégrées
Début du chantier : avril 2009
Fin du chantier : décembre 2009

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