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Régulation du chauffage à la Maison des sœoeurs aînées

Les religieuses de la Maison des sœoeurs aînées – Jeanne -Delanoue, établissement de retraite situé à Saint-Hilaire-Saint-Florent, cherchaient à réduire leurs coûts de chauffage, tout en maintenant le confort des résidents et en respectant le bâti ancien. La réponse la plus pertinente a été apportée par l’’installation sur le matériel existant d’un système ingénieux de régulation autoadaptatif.

La structure architecturale du lieu

Cet ensemble immobilier de la congrégation religieuse -Jeanne -Delanoue est composé de deux bâtiments alimentés par la même chaudière à gaz, régulée par deux vannes manuelles et par une sonde extérieure. La partie contemporaine est affectée à la maison de retraite elle–même. La partie ancienne, qui est un cloître à caractère historique construit en pierre de taille, est une zone de promenade et de méditation pour les résidents. Ce cloître, qui forme un carré vu en plan, est vitré sur tous les côtés intérieurs. Les immenses couloirs, dont certains mesurent plus de cent mètres de longueur, ont une hauteur sous plafond de trois mètres. Les volumes à chauffer sont donc considérables. Vingt et un radiateurs sont installés dans ces grands espaces, mais n’apportent pas à eux seuls des réponses satisfaisantes à une bonne régulation de l’’ambiance thermique et du confort dans une telle structure patrimoniale. En effet, des variations de température sont fréquemment observées, dues à l’’alternance des cycles ensoleillement/ombre, et à l’’ouverture parfois intempestive des fenêtres par les résidents. C’’est pourquoi les responsables de l’’établissement ont décidé d’’adjoindre à leur système de chauffage existant un système technologiquement novateur permettant une régulation efficace et précise.

Le système Thermozyklus

Conseillées par leur fournisseur en gaz, GDF Suez, les religieuses ont adopté le système de régulation de chauffage autoadaptatif THZ de Thermozyklus. Thermozyklus est une entreprise originaire de la banlieue de Munich, en Allemagne. Elle a été fondée en 1999 par des spécialistes dans l’automatisation industrielle. D’’une grande originalité et souvent plus simple à mettre en oeœuvre et à utiliser que ce qui existe sur le marché, son système, breveté en janvier 2000, optimise la gestion du chauffage dans un bâtiment. Thermozyklus tient compte des apports ou au contraire des déperditions d’’énergie consécutifs à l’’ouverture de portes ou de fenêtres, l’’ensoleillement, l’’utilisation d’’appareils ménagers, ou encore la présence humaine. Les énergies accumulées dans une pièce (inertie du système de chauffage) sont également prises en compte. Des microprocesseurs de dernière génération collectent, traitent, sauvegardent les données et établissent en conséquence les périodes de chauffe et de coupure. Une adaptation précise aux contraintes du bâtiment ancien Pour le cloître, Thermozyklus a installé – en collaboration avec son partenaire Althecia – un système THZ sans fil. Ce choix d’un matériel ne nécessitant aucun câblage répond en tous points aux contraintes du site, notamment la présence de murs anciens particulièrement épais qu’’il est impossible de percer, et la longueur importante des zones à surveiller. Ainsi, Thermozyklus a simplement mis en place des corps spécifiques sur les radiateurs, qui étaient jusqu’’alors uniquement équipés de têtes manuelles. Ensuite, on a installé la vanne sans fil de radiateur SF à visser facilement sur le corps du radiateur. La température est alors réglée par pas de 0,5 °C sur la sonde d’’ambiance sans fil RF à poser dans les pièces à contrôler, le tout étant piloté par la centrale ZE placée au centre du bâtiment pour une réception optimale malgré la configuration difficile des lieux. Les religieuses ont réglé les températures de consigne souhaitées et une programmation horaire spécifique par pièce. C’est l’’automatisation de leur installation qui a pu mener à la fois aux économies et à la tranquillité avec des températures bloquées, l’’ensemble avec une pose des plus simples. Le logiciel de mesure permet de contrôler en permanence l’’efficacité radio et d’’optimiser la réception des données.

Qui était Jeanne Delanoue ?

Née à Saumur le 18 juin 1666, douzième enfant d’’une famille de commerçants modestes, -Jeanne -Delanoue est une figure remarquable de la charité et du don de soi. À l’âge de 27 ans, poussée par un appel divin et éclairée par plusieurs jours d’’extase intense, elle décide de se consacrer aux pauvres, aux malades rongés par la fièvre et la souffrance, aux indigents qui clopinent sur les routes, aux miséreux que tous les maux accablent, mais aussi, dit-on, aux femmes libertines minées par des excès inavouables, aux épouses adultères, à tous les réprouvés. Pour accueillir tout ce monde, elle distribue à pleines mains l’’argent de son magasin de mercerie, elle aménage des grottes et en fait des asiles troglodytiques. Plusieurs jeunes filles de bonne volonté la rejoignent. Elles forment la première Congrégation de Sainte-Anne de la Providence. Elles se dévouent, elles prient, elles se mortifient. C’’est grâce à la force de caractère de Jeanne Delanoue qu’est créé le premier hospice de Saumur, en 1715. Elle meurt le 17 août 1736, après avoir fondé onze communautés. C’’est en 1864 que la congrégation, qui s’’est perpétuée, s’’installe à Saint-Hilaire-Saint-Florent, où elle réside encore aujourd’’hui. Le 5 novembre 1947, le pape Pie XII déclare -Jeanne -Delanoue bienheureuse. Et le 31 octobre 1982, Jean–Paul II en fait une sainte. Descriptif technique de l’’installation • 21 vannes de radiateur sans fil SF ont été montées en lieu et place des robinets. Elles sont gérées de manière centralisée et empêchent toute modification des consignes par les usagers ou l’’ouverture et la fermeture des radiateurs. • 3 sondes d’’ambiance sans fil RF transmettent les informations de température à la centrale ZE via les 2 récepteurs/émetteurs FE.• Une centrale ZE, cœur du système, traite en permanence les informations reçues et anticipe les évolutions de chaque zone. Elle contrôle par liaison radio (868 MHz, norme européenne) les électrovannes des radiateurs en temps réel. • 2 amplificateurs radio FV ont été intégrés pour renforcer le signal radio/communication sans fil et s’affranchir des grandes longueurs des zones (plus de 100 mètres) et de l’épaisseur des murs en pierre. 30 % d’économies d’énergie ! L’adaptabilité au système de chauffage et la technique de régulation par microvariations, en plus d’’assurer un confort thermique de qualité, ont permis de réaliser 30 % d’’économies d’’énergie par rapport à la situation antérieure alors même que le bâtiment n’’est pas encore équipé dans sa globalité. Ces chiffres sont validés par le responsable commercial GDF Suez de la congrégation religieuse Jeanne Delanoue, lors de l’’analyse avec son client des courbes de consommation. Le bilan a été réalisé après une saison de chauffe, d’’octobre à mai inclus, et pondéré en fonction de la froideur des deux hivers pour une comparaison équitable.

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